Top Logical Fallacies Examples and Discussions

For those who need a little refresher, here are some of the most common informal logical fallacies.It may have happened to you while reading comments on a blog, watching a political commercial, or listening to a talking head on a chat show. A mental alarm goes off signaling that what youre reading, watching, or listening to is utter claptrap and twaddle. For me, the BS alert sounded when I ran across these random observations in the Vox Populi column of the local newspaper: Learning how to swim does not guarantee you wont drown. Im 55 years old, have never learned to swim and I havent drowned.We need to pass a law that stupid people are not allowed to own pets.Im aggravated with spaghetti sauce with vegetables. I love vegetables, but I dont want them in my spaghetti sauce. Wheres our freedom going?Regarding the person who had to tote stuff at Wal-Mart; tote? Carry. What is wrong with people? You dont tote stuff, you carry it.The English language is the only language that should be spoken in the open and none other. This is the United States of America.Those of us who are true taxpaying, working Americans need to stand up and demand that people should have certain education, I.Q. and income levels to be able to vote for president or any major political office.Anyone who thinks that interest in books is waning hasnt paid much attention. I love the show Face the Nation and they recently had eight authors on!Isnt it amazing that Savannah is ranked as 10 on Americas most snobbish city [list] and that 10 percent of Savannahs population are Yankees?Obama shouldnt go to Marthas Vineyard. Every time he does, something major happens. At these head-slapping moments, it may help to recall some of those informal logical fallacies that we once studied in school. At least then we can put a name to the nonsense. In case you need a little refresher, here are 12 common fallacies. For examples and detailed discussions, click on the highlighted terms. Ad HominemA personal attack: that is, an argument based on the perceived failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case.Ad MisericordiamAn argument that involves an irrelevant or highly exaggerated appeal to pity or sympathy.BandwagonAn argument based on the assumption that the opinion of the majority is always valid: everyone believes it, so you should too.Begging the QuestionA fallacy in which the premise of an argument presupposes the truth of its conclusion; in other words, the argument takes for granted what its supposed to prove. Also known as a circular argument.Dicto SimpliciterAn argument in which a general rule is treated as universally true regardless of the circumstances: a sweeping generalization.False DilemmaA fallacy of oversimplification: an argument in which only two alternatives are provided when in fact additional options are available. Sometimes called the either-or fallacy.Name CallingA fallacy that relies on emotionally loaded terms to influence an audience.Non SequiturAn argument in which a conclusion doesnt follow logically from what preceded it.Post HocA fallacy in which one event is said to be the cause of a later event simply because it occurred earlier.Red HerringAn observation that draws attention away from the central issue in an argument or discussion.Stacking the DeckA fallacy in which any evidence that supports an opposing argument is simply rejected, omitted, or ignored.Straw ManA fallacy in which an opponents argument is overstated or misrepresented in order to be more easily attacked or refuted.

Memory Formation And Its Effects On The Nervous System

Memory formation takes place in the nervous system and these memories are mediated by gene expression where long-lasting changes take place between neurons in synaptic connections. In 1949, Hebb postulated, when two neurons are activated at the same time, strengthening of synaptic efficiency will result in the appropriate synapse (Lynch, 2004). Since then efforts have been channeled into understanding mechanisms responsible for synaptic strengthening refereed to as long-term potentiation (LTP), which has also been investigated for its link to memory formations and has become an emerging model for memory encoding. Several areas of the brain play a role in consolidation of learning and memory, however LTP is most easily demonstrated in the hippocampus, an area of the brain believed to serve as a holding store for memories (Abraham et al., 2002). Scoville and Milner (1957) reported, treating a patient (H.M) suffering from epilepsy and psychosis with bilateral hippocampal removal, resul ted in anterograde amnesia and a grave loss of recent memory (Lynch, 2004). Further studies showed repeated stimulation of hippocampal neurons induce prolonged increase of LTP (Frey and Morris, 1996), highlighting the importance of memory and the hippocampus. The three well-described characteristics of LTP are durability, associativity and co-operativity and input specificity (Lynch, 2004).These support LTP as a biological substrate for multiple forms of memory. The wider clinical implicationsShow MoreRelatedThe Genetic Bases Of Learning And Memory927 Words   |  4 Pagesgenetic bases of learning and memory. Learning and memory has played a huge evolutionary advantage to animals capable of effectively gathering information of their environment and able to remember and retrieve the information at a different time. The studies covered focused on drosophila because its cognitive functions are very similar to that of higher vertebrates such as humans. The central theme of this paper i s to determine the biological bases of learning and memory by observing how disruptionRead MoreMy Brain Is The Command Center Essay1162 Words   |  5 Pagesis the command center to your existential being. Seriously sensitive, and very important. Functioning as to coordinating sensation, intellectual thought, and nervous activity. It is one of the most complex and fascinating structures in this entire universe. It determines everything about you. The slightest mishap can have a dramatic effect on your body and mind. Depending on the situation it can change the little perfect angel you know and love into a merciless, raging, psychopath. To even beginRead MoreA Central Nervous System Stimulant974 Words   |  4 PagesAdrafinil is a central nervous system stimulant that is used to increase wakefulness in the daytime, has been shown to improve mood, increase cognitive function, help energy levels, and help with symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, one of the more desirable effects of Adrafinil is its ability to increase memory function and, in some cases, increase the learning capacity of those who take it. Adrafinil is taken in doses between 150 mg and 300. The mechanism by which Adrafinil is able toRead MoreChapter 2 Fill In The Blank Essay887 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿1.An extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body is called the nervous system. 2.The basic cell that makes up the nervous system and which receives and sends messages within that system is called a neuron. 3.The long tube-like structure that carries the neural message to other cells on the neuron is the axon. 4.On a neuron, the branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons are the dendrites. 5. The cell body of the neuron, responsibleRead MoreA Can of Bull1284 Words   |  6 PagesAspartame- Low calorie artiï ¬ cial sweetener that provides taste. Caï ¬â‚¬ eine- Some studies have shown that caï ¬â‚¬ eine may improve memory and reasoning responses on tests Citric Acid- It is a precursor for the citric acid cycle (Kreb’s Cycle), which is a major pathway in the cell’s production of chemical energy. Cyanocobalamin- Important for growth, cell reproduction, blood formation, and protein and tissue synthesis. Folic Acid- Required for metabolism of carbon compounds, nucleic acids, and amino acidsRead MoreThe Printing Press by Johannes Gutenberg894 Words   |  4 Pagesstick in a person’s memory over others (Dizikes, 2013). The concepts of how memory functions, how the brain processes information and how font and memory are connected in psychology are essential to better understand this idea. The nervous system consists of three main sections, the central nervous system (CNS), the peripheral nervous system (PNS), and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, the peripheral nervous system includes the nervesRead MoreDescription, Analysis And Discussion Of Internship Essay1684 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol of appetite. So this satiating effect has an impact on food consumption for the rest of the day and may reduce daily caloric intake. Finally, breakfast has a significant impact on our cognitive function. Because of low glucose blood level after a night of sleep, the organism’s performance is affected and the level of concentrate is reduced until further consumption of nutrients which will regulate glucose level. Memory-Loss: †¢ Everyone experience mild memory lapses from time to time. In thisRead MoreMemories Of The Gulf War Syndrome1619 Words   |  7 Pages9 MEMORY LOSS IN GULF WAR SYNDROME Katherine Krishun What Causes Memory Loss in Gulf War Syndrome? Chemical Exposure or Stress? PSY 101/112 10/24/2016 ​Gulf War Syndrome is a chronic multi symptom illness affecting 250,000 of the 697,000 1991 Desert Storm Gulf War veterans. Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans may also suffer from this syndrome. The Veterans Administration â€Å"refers to these illnesses as â€Å"chronic multi symptom illness† and â€Å"undiagnosed illnesses†Read MoreAlzheimer s Disease : The Most Common Form Of Dementia1427 Words   |  6 Pagesmovement disorder, which includes a state of impaired consciousness, memory, thinking, analysis, visual spatial recognition, emotional disorder, affect daily life and social conditions. The pathological findings showed atrophy of the brain tissue and the occurrence of senile plaques in the cerebral cortex, accompanied by beta amyloid deposition, neurofibrillary tangles and a decreasing in the number of memory neurons, as well as the formation of senile plaques. There are currently no therapeutic agents forRead MoreWhy Are Human Psychologists Concerned Wi th Human Biology?1548 Words   |  7 Pagesworking from a biological perspective study the links between biology and behavior. We are biopsychosocial systems, in which biological, psychological and social-cultural factors interact to influence behavior. 9-2: What are the parts of a neuron and how are neural impulses generated? Neurons are the elementary components of the nervous system, the body s speedy electrochemical information system. A neuron receives signals through the branching dendrites, and sends signals through its axons. Some axons

Macbeth Questions Free Essays

My impressions of Lady Macbeth are that she is very controlling, she is ruthless and ambitious. Lady Macbeth is clearly the power partner in the marriage, and looks like s he is determined to force him to do whatever is necessary to assure their ascent to pope Shakespeare sets the scene with the witches, who are obviously supernatural in their forces, and demonstrate their ability to see the future. This sets the play as being one in which characters and their destinies are shaped by supernatural powers. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth Questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now The heath fleets the ambition, the confusion, and the evilness of the characters in the remain Eng of the act. The witches’ prophecies act as a temptation for him because he wants to become kin the prophesied, but can’t wait for it to happen on its own. Therefore, this tempts him into taking things Into his own hands, and manipulating the situation so he can become t he king, by killing whoever get’s in the way of the prophecy coming true. The paradox Is saying that Banana will be lesser than Macbeth because Macbeth will be the king and Banana will not. But, Banana will be greater than Macbeth because he will How to cite Macbeth Questions, Papers